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Third culture kid (TCK) is a term used to refer to children who were raised in a culture outside of their parents’ culture for a significant part of their development years.〔Pollock, D.C., & Van Reken, R.E. (2009). Third culture kids: The experience of growing up among worlds. Boston: Nicholas Brealy.〕 The definition is not constrained to describing only children, but can also be used to describe adults who have had the experience of being an ATCK (Adult Third Culture Kid). The experience of being a TCK is unique in that these individuals are moving between cultures before they have had the opportunity to fully develop their personal and cultural identity. The first culture of children refers to the culture of the country from which the parents originated, the second culture refers to the culture in which the family currently resides, and the third culture refers to the amalgamation of these two cultures. The third culture is further reinforced with the interaction of the third culture individual with another expatriate community one would come to encounter. Today, the population of third culture kids, also referred to as "third culture individuals" (TCIs), is increasing with globalization, transnational migration, numerous job opportunities and work overseas, accessibility of international education, and various other factors.〔 The number of people who are currently living outside the old nation-state categories is increasing rapidly, by 64 million just within 12 years, reaching up to 220 million people (2013). Since TCKs' international experience is characterized by a sense of high mobility, they have also been referred as global nomads. Furthermore, their multicultural experiences away from their motherland at a young age, give them other unique nicknames such as "cultural hybrids" and "cultural chameleons". Some well-known TCKs include the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama, and Abby Huntsman, daughter of former U.S. Ambassador to China and former Governor of Utah Jon Huntsman, Jr., who lived in Beijing and various other Asian cities due to his father's career path. Currently, there are as many bilingual children in the world as there are monolingual children.〔Paradis, J., Genesee, F., & Crago, M. (2011). ''Dual Language Development and Disorders: A handbook on bilingualism & second language learning''. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.〕 TCKs are often exposed to a second (or third, fourth, etc.) language while living in their host culture. "TCKs learn some languages in schools abroad and some in their homes or in the marketplaces of a foreign land. . . . Some pick up languages from the servants in the home or from playmates in the neighborhood" (Bell-Villada et al. 23). This means that TCKs obtain language skills by being physically exposed to the environment where the native language is used in practical life. This is why TCKs are often bilingual, and sometimes even multilingual.〔 ==Origins== The term "third culture kid" was first coined by researchers John and Ruth Useem in the 1950s, who used it to describe the children of American citizens working and living abroad.〔 Dr. Ruth Useem first used the term after her second year-long visit to India with her fellow sociologist/anthropologist husband and three children.〔(Ruth Useem's obituary in Footnotes, the Newsletter of the American Sociological Association ), December 2003. Retrieved 2010-01-18.〕 The term is not limited to Americans but rather can be used to describe any individuals who have had significant living experience in a culture besides their own. TCKs are sometimes referred to as "third culture individuals" as being a third culture kid does not necessarily constitute being a child. Useem et al. (1963) depicted individuals who have undergone such an experience as having distinct standards of interpersonal behavior, work-related norms, codes of lifestyle and perspectives, and communication. This creates a new cultural group that does not fall into their home or host culture, but rather share a culture with all other TCKs. In 1993 she wrote: Kay Branaman Eakin, the former Education Counselor for the United States Department of State, worked with American families returning to the United States after having lived abroad. She described a TCK as "someone who, as a child, has spent a significant period of time in one or more culture(s) other than () own, thus integrating elements of those cultures and their own birth culture, into a third culture."〔Eakin, K.B. (1998). According to my passport, I'm coming home. ''U.S. Department of State'', 18. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/2065.pdf〕〔Eakin, K.B. Our consultants: Kay Branaman Eakin. ''Bennett Schoolplacment Worldwide.''〕 In 1984, author and researcher Norma McCaig used the term "global nomad," which is synonymous with TCK, but was used in order to take into account that the child's situation was as a result of a parent or parents' career or life choice(s).〔McCaig, N. (1994, September). Growing up with a world view. ''Foreign Service Journal'', 32–41.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Third culture kid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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